Steven Airspace

Flight Simulator Airspace Information

METAR or MÉTéorologique Aviation Régulière or Aviation Rutin Weather Report is format for weather reporting. METAR is used by the pilots to know the weather conditions, winds conditions at an aerodrome where they will conduct the flights. Raw METAR is a very known format in aviation for weather data transmision. It’s also an ICAO standard.

METAR reports typically come from airports or permanent weather observation stations. Usually METAR is generated once an hour if there is no significant weather changes.
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How to read it?

I’m gonna use several METAR report for example.

WSSS 090730Z 21009KT 170V260 9000 FEW020TCU BKN300 32/25 Q1008 NOSIG

Okay, WSSS, Changi airport – Singapore.

090730Z = METAR was made at 09 (date), 0730Z (time)

21009KT = Wind from 210 degree at 09 knots (wind’s speed)

170V260 = indicates the wind direction is varying from 170° through 210°  to 260°

9000 = indicates the visibility is 9000 meters

FEW020TCU = Few clouds at 2000 feet, TCU is Towering Cumulus (Cumulus cloud that have potential to become into a cumulonimbus within a short time period)

BKN300 = indicates broken cloud at 30,000 feet

32/25 = temperature is 32 degree and dewpoint is 25 degree

Q1008 = QNH or altimeter setting is 1008

NOSIG = No significant changes

Next is

LBBG 041600Z 12003MPS 310V290 1400 R04/P1500N R22/P1500U +SN BKN022 OVC050 M04/M07 Q1020 NOSIG 9949//91

The rest is same as above, Let’s discuss the bold letters only.

12003 = wind from 120 degree with speed at 03 Meter per Second

R04/P1500N = Runway Visual Range (RVR) at Runway 04 is 1500 meters with no significant changes

R22/P1500U = Runway Visual Range (RVR) at Runway 22 is 1500 meters and rising

+SN = Snow falling at heavy intensity

OVC050 = Overcast at 5000 feet

M04/M07 = Temperature is -04°C and dewpoint is -07°C

9949//91 =

• indicates either a specific runway (eg. “25″=Rwy 25 or “25R”; “75″=Rwy 25L – adding 50 will indicate Left Runway) or all the airport’s runways (”99″)
• “4″ means the runway is coated with dry snow
• “9″ means 51 to 100% of the runway are covered
• // means the thickness of the coating was either not measurable or not affecting usage of the runway
• “91″ means the braking index is bad, in other words the tires have bad grip on the runway.

Note: For North America use Altimeter or code “A” in their altimeter setting (eg. “A3006″)

Other METAR Codes:

• CB = Cumulonimbus cloud
• TSRA = Thunderstorm, Rain at the area
• BECMG = Becoming
• CAVOK = Ceiling And Visibility OK

Regard’s

Steven Airspace

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Formation flying is fun and also dangerous when you’re flying with other aircraft with only a few yards away. For those who trained with good discipline, flying formation with a mission can be an efficient way for two or more aircraft to get to their destination. Of course there are many other reasons to fly formation. To minimize the danger, we must exercise discipline and follow the chain of command in the formation of formations, leader and wingman roles and different responsibilities to ensure aviation safety and success. Here we only discuss for formation flying with two aircraft only.

Discipline
Discipline in formation flying is very important for safety and so that formation flying can be maintained. Formation integrity can be maintained only if the leader has complete knowledge and control the actions of each flight member. The flight leader must accurately explain the formation will be flown along with the responsibility of what should be known by the wingmen who are involved in these formations. Wingman will maintain formation position assigned to the changes determined by the flight leader.

Flight Leader
Flight Leader is the person who commands both on land and in air. He has a general responsibility for planning and organizing the mission, leading the flight, delegating tasks in the flight to ensure the mission is accomplished safely. Flight leader must know the capabilities and limitations of the wingman. Flight leader on the ground will give guidance on the flight plan. He may delegate the task of the flight. Once in the air, he has responsibility for navigation, communication, formation and successful establishment of the mission.

Wingman
The wingman also has important responsibilities. On land they help plan and organize the mission leader. And once airborne, they fly and maintain a set position, to maintain visual contact with aircraft flight leader, responsible for the safe separation distance from the aircraft during flight flight leader, and can back-up navigation tasks.
Before you can master the formation flying as a wingman you must know in what position you should be, depending on the type of aircraft you are and what position you’re flying. You can make reference to “wing-line reference” and a longitudinal reference. Along with these references you need to maintain separation wing tip / nose-tail. Some basic information is; Close formation (see Fig. 1)

Figure. 1

is usually separation of about 3-10 feet laterally, Route Formation (See Fig. 2) – Separation of more than 10 ft to 3 wingspans. Regardless of which position you are, you should always continue to scan all the references. You have to keep checking-line wing and the longitudinal references to ensure safe separation. In close formation of this reference should be cut right through the base of your neck in the entire maneuver.

Figure. 2

Source: Norman Rennspies
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